Media Is The Most Prevailing Tool Of Communication Media Essay

Media Is The Most Prevailing Tool Of Communication Media Essay What is media and how can it has ended up being our greatest companion on the planet to change our observation about the world that we live in? There has been a sensational change similar to media in worried in Pakistan. It has developed during a limited capacity to focus time.  Media is the most overall device of correspondence and it is reasonable for state that it has affected existences of a huge number of individuals in Pakistan. Media anyplace is viewed as an indispensable apparatus now and has been related with individuals lives whether through radio, TV, papers, books or magazines. Whatever medium you pick, one cant just deny the way that it has been surrounding us. It effectively provides the introduction and attention to its crowd in the correct way and on the perfect time. You dont need to invest a great deal of energy in the event that you need to be refreshed about what is going surrounding us both broadly and globally. Everything necessary presently is to sit in you r home before the TV and switch through various channels to see all the updates. So it is reasonable for state that we are so snared on getting data through TV that it has at last attacked out homes. Where is has allowed us a chance to be refreshed with amazing creation, it positively has attacked our brains and changed the examples of how we use to think. Media nowadays is utilized in forming and embellishment popular feelings in the manner in which these colossal multimillion companies needs. There are times when our media has denied the very guidelines and guidelines it should have been administered with. On different events it has given us bodies blown to pieces in self destruction assaults, blood, respect slaughtering cases, consumed countenances and God recognizes what. However, the truth is who chooses what to appear? There is no uncertainty that open has each privilege to think about things happening surrounding us however now and then it shows individuals significantly more than they expected to hear or tune in and along these lines mirrors their own supposition and plan. TV is the most well known mode of correspondence in Pakistan today.  There was when papers were everywhere. They were viewed as the most crucial and expert effective apparatus of correspondence with the majority. Be that as it may, Over a brief timeframe it has abandoned different methods of correspondence like paper and radio which once delighted in the total consideration of its crowds. What ended up being a trial transmission, at last picked up the consideration of the entire nation and began to pick up consideration and significance in spreading mindfulness among masses. The transmission at first began from Lahore however before long spread its infra-structure all over the nation. It was the year 1964 when the period of TV transmission in Pakistan at long last started. It was simply because of individuals acknowledgment of the this new mechanism of spreading data and mindfulness, that what began with a high contrast transmission ,transformed into a full-grownâ â colored tra nsmission in the year 1976. It was colossal separate in the undoubtedly that took the state of the media that we see now our TV screens. TV is one medium that without a doubt has developed over a huge timeframe. Thinking back to the 70s there was just channel that the entire nation could watch and gain from. It was just Pakistan Television (PTV), a solitary state claimed station which was generally mainstream back in those day. The entire nation use to view it for political, social and social news. Anyway , it was the time of non-otherâ â than our ex-President of Pakistan General (rtd)  Pervez Musharraf when exclusive stations appeared and totally changed the entire situation of how TV use to work in our nation. Presently we have in excess of 70 exclusive channels, each with their own plan and reason. This upheaval cleared another time for the specialized improvement in the broadcast business and offered opportunity to press just as to media which oversees as per the principles of PEMRA. Globalization In spite of the fact that, everything that has a start has it end however with the expanded mindfulness and request of the open the unrest of TV stations in Pakistan cleared a way for globalization. Individuals are presented to a multi-dimensional medium where news isnt simply coming from around them yet from the whole way across the globe now.  Masses have teamed up with regards to economies; societies, social and living examples and in particular exchange. The bond between various nations have brought about a coordinated effort of news that streams from one piece of the world and coming to at the other corner. Due to globalization currently individuals everywhere throughout the world are associated and interlinked with one another. For instance there are different substance and news offices that gives news extending from fund, design, culture and legacy and a lot more that ties nations together. Stream of data is faster and simple to get to. Merchandise being created in different nations are presently effectively accessible in wherever of the world. Worldwide news as it occurs and profoundly dissected data is accessible every minute of every day and there is not really any possibility that news is down and out without legitimate exploration so nothing gets ignored. Globalization has made universal voyaging significantly more rapidly. All you need is a TV and remote in your grasp and you can for all intents and purposes observe whatever circumvents the globe. Nations have teamed up to carry news to all pieces of the world and the best part is, its all only a catch away. In this way business doing universally is not any more an issue. You can exchange with global organizations and in this way acquire remote trade to your nation that in the end helps underdeveloped nations, for example, Pakistan. Globalization has luxurious the situation of Pakistans TV hugely. Presently with the openness exclusive channels, individuals are not only mindful of whats going in there urban communities however can basically contact data in regards to anything they need through various common channels also. Regardless of whether it is southern or northern nations everything is only a tick away. All the Information is accessible on our screens. There are various diverts in various dialects like English .Sindhi, Punjabi, Arabic, and so on. They are given by our neighborhood links as an ever increasing number of observers are presently living abroad and thus their necessities ought to be suited. Globalization has not quite recently given us an instrument to remain associated with the world yet in addition to learn and roll out reasonable improvements in the reasoning and living example of the world that we experience all around is. With globalization you can speak with one another regardless of the time, zone and language. You dont need to trust that innumerable hours will get yourself refreshed on any issue or matter that may intrigue you or holds an incredible significance in your life. Edgy time requests urgent measures. So therefore everything has been made so a lot simpler. Nothing is unimaginable at this point. Crowds can see anything they desire to and offer out their thoughts and thoughts too. Globalization is assuming an incredible job in making popular feeling also. The general population would now be able to experience all the data, raw numbers accessible and afterward reach up to their decisions. Presently their reasoning isn't simply bound to one nation. They ha ve the whole world in their grasp. The crowds have become more shrewd at this point. Because of globalization individuals currently recognize what they need and what is directly for them. They are substantially more mindful of their privileges now and how they have the right to be dealt with. Presently the quantity of crowds has expanded with in the nation as well as everywhere throughout the world as globalization has permitted our nearby channels to be run on universal TVs.             By watching universal media our nearby open has likewise taken in a great deal from globalization. They are made mindful with respect to the way of life of the individuals everywhere throughout the world. To accomplish such gauges they must have great instruction. Therefore field of training has been influenced in a positive manner. An ever increasing number of individuals are presently made mindful of the need of the instruction and information. This is finished by giving them that they can accomplish a superior way of life by getting great instruction and afterward better employments. Specialized changes in Television As indicated by an exploration done by an ace understudies a year ago and because of the examination led between understudies of different colleges and universities , it tends to be presumed that over the most recent 5 years TV has experienced various changes. Technical as well as social also. With the progression of time now and progressively created innovation has been acquainted with improve this method of correspondence. For example with the utilization of web and satellites the progression of data has been expanded and you can become acquainted with what ever is going on around the globe with only a click.â Digital TV has been the best innovation in the last recent years. Digital TV assumed control over the idea of purchasing dish radio wires and costly decoders so as to watch global channels which additionally required enormous measure of memberships. Because of this improvement in TV all of us would now be able to watch universal channels without paying for any memberships it has expanded the viewership as well as we could see an extraordinary lift in the availability of remote channels. Presently in excess of 100 channels are accessible to watch from everywhere throughout the world. The greater part of the new private channels are utilizing most recent innovation so as to remain ahead in the market. Presently we are utilizing modernized types of gear and increasingly improved programming which give better introduction of the projects. The change isn't just noticeable in the cameras and receivers and programming yet their dealing with also. Presently better method of shooting, catching and altering have been presented which make the projects and TV shows substantially more engaging the

GE Case Study free essay sample

General Electric (GE) involved the eighth spot on Fortune 500’s rundown of organizations at the end of 2013. While number eight was a slide from 2012’s number six GE keeps up its situation, as one of the world’s biggest and most compelling companies. Today, GE’s works in more than 160 nations and is driven by Jeffery Immelt. During 2013 GE revealed, all out incomes moved toward 147 billion USD and benefits around 13. 6 billion USD. (CNNMoney, 2013). GE shows up in reading material from the third grade through the PhD. Level of the world’s best business and building colleges. No discussion about GE is finished without conversation two of its most productive pioneers, Thomas Edison and Jack Welch. Every one of these pioneers left their blemish on GE, American Capitalism and the world. The Wizard of Menlo Park Thomas Edison was the most compelling trend-setter and representative of America’s second era. Conceived in 1847, only 71 years after the Declaration of Independence was marked Mr. We will compose a custom exposition test on GE Case Study or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Edison left his blemish on history. While he is generally celebrated for the electric light, it could be contended that his capacity to meld science and business was what left his greatest imprint on the world. Like Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, Paul Allen and Steve Zuckerberg, Edison was a self-instructed pioneer who mixed huge thoughts with inflexible business abilities. Edison shaped a key organization with J. P. Morgan to propel his substituting current (AC) innovation and pulverize rivalry from Nicholas Tesla’s exchanging current (AC). â€Å"In 1892, a merger of Edison General Electric Company and Thomson-Houston Electric Company made General Electric Company. GE is the main organization recorded in the Dow Jones Industrial Index today that was likewise remembered for the first file in 1896.† (Gneral Electric, 2014). Thomas Edison was a virtuoso trailblazer and keen businessman who built up set the pace for people in the future of GE pioneers to follow. Jack Welch Mr. Welch steered from Reg Jones in 1981 as GE’s Chairman and CEO and kept on serving GE in those situations until his retirement in 1981. Following Reg Jones more likely than not been an insinuated task yet Mr. Welch immediately substantiated himself more than fit for the by influencing extraordinary change in GE’s structure and item contributions. Like Edison, Welch was a researcher on the most fundamental level gaining a B.S. in compound building from the University of Massachusetts in 1957 and his M. S. also, Ph. D. degrees from the University of Illinois in 1960. (General Electric, 2014). Welch had confidence in giving GE’s administrators the space to develop however requested they produce results by disclosing to them that the items or administrations their divisions offered must be number a couple on the planet or GE would sell the division. â€Å"In 1980, the prior year Welch became CEO, GE recorded incomes of generally $26. 8 billion; in 2000, the prior year he left, they were almost $130 billion. The organization went from a market estimation of $14 billion to one of more than $410 billion at the hour of his retirement, making it the most important and biggest organization on the planet, up from Americas tenth biggest by showcase top in 1981. † (General Electric, 2014). Welch earned Fortune Magazine’s title of â€Å"Manager of the Century† in 1999. Today he proceeds with shape business thought as a top rated creator, speaker and consultant. Explanation of Core Problem General Electric had developed in size from the times of Edison, yet its corporate structure and the board style had remained to a great extent unaltered. In 1980, GE was a huge, truly moderate company caught off guard for changes in the worldwide business scene. Jack Welch followed a massively effective pioneer of GE, Reg Jones, so no doubt basically looking after Mr. Jones’ structure of GE would be sufficient to ensure the achievement of the organization and Mr. Welch. Welch steered at GE in 1981, the U. S. economy was in downturn, and joblessness was 10. 8% and the prime loaning rate simply set a record high of 21. 5%. Corporate structures remained to a great extent unaltered between the finish of World War II and 1980 however that was going to change. Rivalry from Japan, the work area PC and the beginning of the data age constrained GE to reexamine its operational model and quest for a technique that would empower them to stay serious as the century finished. Welch immediately evaluated that GE was too large and too delayed to even think about maintaining its present market positions significantly less develop them. The vital arranging model Welch acquired held nine layers among thought and choice with more than 200 staff engaged with the procedure, barely â€Å"lean and agile†. John Boyd created what he called the OODA Loop to depict winning in air battle moves. The OODA Loop comprises of a pattern of four stages; Observe, Orientate, Decide, Act (OODA), Boyd contended that when two airplane are occupied with a dogfight the pilot who has the quickest OODA Loop cycle will win. â€Å"The OODA Loop discovered backers not just in the U. S. military, yet additionally in the domains of business and sports †anyplace a contender looks for and edge. † (McIntosh, 2011). Welch perceived that if GE somehow managed to win against the fulfillment he expected to cycle its key arranging OODA Loop quicker. He reacted by wiping out 5 layers of organization and over half of the arranging staff. â€Å"We used to have division chiefs, part directors, subsector administrators, unit chiefs, and bosses. We’re driving those titles out†¦ We used to go from the CEO to parts, to gatherings to organizations. Presently we go from the CEO to organizations. There is nothing else. Zero. † (Christopher A. Bartlett, GEs Two-Decade Transformation: Jack Welchs Leadership, 2005). Welch distinguished different regions of GE’s the executives structure, administration advancement activities and pay program that were the counter postulation of speedy and proficient. â€Å"By the finish of the 1980’s Welch had diminished GE’s size from 404,000 representatives in 1981 to 292,000 out of 1989. † (Christopher A. Bartlett, GEs Two-Decade Transformation: Jack Welchs Leadership, 2005). These cuts changed GE from its enormous and moderate bureaucratic structure to a decentralized, agile association ready for development. Optional Problem Addiction advocates guarantee â€Å"the initial step is conceding the problem†, Welch ventured out he distinguished GE’s center issue as being â€Å"Big and Slow†. Welch’s second step was apparently progressively troublesome, changing theâ organization to beat the GE’s dependence on administration. Welch requested â€Å"out-of-the-box† pioneers to execute his new light and agile business methodology to handle the difficulties of the century not too far off. He acquired chiefs who discovered wellbeing in administration and smokestack structures; a pay structu re that neglected to support â€Å"ground-up† arrangements, a worker execution audit framework that guaranteed unremarkableness. Administration Development Welch experienced childhood in GE’s initiative and was no more odd to GE’s Crotonville Management Development Facility. He legitimately perceived that Crotonville was basically utilized as a prize or incidental award for the individuals who missed on advancement. Welch saw Crotonville as a ground-breaking motor of progress in his change exertion. While cutting spending plans wherever else in the organization Welch burned through $45 million to make Crotonville a top-level initiative improvement community and device to propel his vision of GE’s future. Remuneration As Welch assessed GE’s corporate â€Å"software†, he decided its pay structure didn't agree with his corporate system. The framework Welch began with was an arrangement of tight range increments in base compensation enhanced by rewards dependent on one’s business execution that naturally remunerated a â€Å"rice-bowl† mindset. Welch re-designed the reward framework by supplanting money rewards with investment opportunities to boost administrators to contribute towards GE’s generally speaking main concern instead of concentrating exclusively on their separate divisions. Furthermore, he extended the reward qualified rundown of representatives from roughly 300 to 30,000 to enroll more work force in GE’s stock execution. Individual Review System Welch held a solid individual conviction that great individuals were GE’s key resources and must be overseen as an organization asset. (Gneral Electric, 2014) The presentation survey framework Welch began with established a strong framework yet in his brain didn't go far enough. While the existed approach evaluated each manager’s execution and potential, it did it in a flue. Welch devoted a lot of time every April and May to by and by visit, his main 3,000 chiefs and concentrated vigorously on the best 500. In the long run he utilized these visits to build up his 4E’s examination framework, vitality, capacity to empower, edge, and execution. By making execution examination, an individual need Welch spurred his subordinate officials to do likewise. Arrangements Jack Welch expected order of GE and promptly went to work changing GE from enormous and delayed to lean and light-footed. Change is seldom fun and never simple and the size of Welch’s change shook GE’s since a long time ago settled structure to its establishments. GE representatives were not, at this point ensured 30 years and a gold watch for appearing and buckling down, they presently needed to contend and win. Welch provoked GE to become #1 or #2 in each market they contended in or there will be consequences. â€Å"Soon in the wake of assuming responsibility, Welch set the standard for every business to turn into the #1 or #2 rivals in its industry †or withdraw. † (Christopher A. Bartlett, GEs Two-

Religion and Politics Essay Topics

Religion and Politics Essay TopicsReligion and Politics essay topics are somewhat like academic research, where you write about your opinion about a topic for assignment purposes. Although the topic is not as rigorous as a real research project, if you're studying this topic it can be just as rewarding as if you were researching an actual thesis.Religion and Politics essay topics are not always controversial. In fact, many political party platforms have been written on this topic. You can find some fantastic arguments on this topic if you look around, whether you want to or not.One of the best things about this topic is that there is no right or wrong opinion. What one person believes is a belief, the next person doesn't. In fact, the people who disagree don't even know what the other believes in. It's like a door-to-door salesman in a campaign - if he thinks you are wrong, he will show you a door and tell you that it's closed, and if you ask for his boss, he'll be happy to give you his opinion.Of course, the more knowledge you have on an issue, the better your opinion will be. If you want to write an essay on the moral issues in America, the best thing you can do is read about all of the legal and moral issues and talk to lawyers. You'll learn a lot from them and that's a great way to start.Start a conversation by asking questions and get others' opinions on the subject. Don't just read the newspapers because they'll only read what the editor wants them to read. The best sources of information include more than the newspaper. An online search engine can be an excellent resource, and you may be surprised by the amount of information that you can learn from the Internet.The best way to write an essay on a topic like this is to think of it as a political debate. There are a lot of viewpoints out there, and you must be able to distinguish the ones that are true from the ones that are false. Start with your beliefs, and then narrow it down to your opinion. Then try to convince others of your points by using persuasive rhetoric.Well, that was a lot of thinking and writing. You can choose which topics to write on in your Religion and Politics essay topics guide. We suggest you consider politics, religion, and philosophy to see how much you already know about these subjects. Then apply what you've learned from your Religion and Politics essay topics guide.It is an interesting exercise to get some well researched and well written Religion and Politics essay topics. Whether you are a student or a teacher, or even a parent or grandparent, it is always a lot of fun to work on these topics.

Reflection Paper On The Shootings - 1050 Words

Reflection Paper #1 Many of the shootings that occurred during the past year or so have taken a big toll in our society. These shootings and uncivilized incidents have made many of our communities stronger within themselves but they have also separated groups from one another. Unfortunately many people have lost their lives because they have been misjudged or racially discriminated against. While some people have lost their lives, others have lost their hope. With the recent events many even like they are returning back to when Jim Crow laws were legal. When we reflect on these series of events that have occurred, we realize that most of the public takes their time to think about their next steps. Unfortunately this is not what everyone does. Instead some people overreact and tend to take things into their own hands. They do this by creating mass protests that may often lead to another shooting or can just prove that some groups are not as civilized. On the other hand, not every group or community does this. Some communities take the time to organize and protest silently. Many of these groups have even opened their doors for the whole community to resolve their issues and conflicts. For example many churches and religious leaders aim to have a peaceful gathering to discuss emotions after a horrific event. Many of these smaller communities have learned to cope with these catastrophic events and they do so with religious acts, songs, and gatherings. An event that recentlyShow MoreRelatedRegardless Of The State In Which They Are Operating, Mental1151 Words   |  5 Pageson the rules and exceptions of these four topics, and how they relate to the therapist-client relationship. Within the video, three separate cases are reviewed, including the ruling decisions that were made by the state courts in their charge. 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Cahokia - Prehistoric Capital City on the Mississippi

Cahokia is the name of an immense  Mississippian (AD 1000-1600) agricultural settlement and mound group. It is located within the resource-rich American Bottom floodplain of the Mississippi River at the junction of several major rivers in the mid-central United States. Cahokia is the largest prehispanic site in North America north of Mexico, a proto-urban center with numerous allied sites spread across the region. During its heyday (1050-1100 AD), the urban center of Cahokia covered an area of between 10-15 square kilometers (3.8-5.8 square miles), including nearly 200 earthen mounds arranged around vast open plazas, with thousands of pole and thatch houses, temples, pyramidal mounds and public buildings laid out in three great planned residential, political and ritual precincts. For perhaps no more than 50 years, Cahokia had a population of about 10,000-15,000 people with established trade connections throughout North America. The latest scientific research indicates that Cahokias rise and fall were engineered by immigrants who together refashioned the Native American communities for the greater Mississippian culture. The people who left Cahokia after its breakup brought the Mississippian culture with them as they traversed throughout fully 1/3 of what is today the United States. Cahokias Chronology Cahokias emergence as a regional center began as a collection of rudimentary Late Woodland farming villages about 800, but by 1050 it had emerged as a hierarchically-organized cultural and political center, inhabited by tens of thousands of people supported by local plant domesticates and maize from Central America. The following is a brief chronology of the site. Late Woodland (AD 800-900) numerous small farming villages in the valleyFairmount Phase (Terminal Late Woodland AD 900-1050), the American Bottom had two many mound centers, one at Cahokia and the Lunsford-Pulcher site, 23 km (12 mi) to the south, with a total population at Cahokia of around 1,400-2,800Lohmann Phase (AD 1050-1100), Cahokias Big Bang. Around 1050, there was a sudden growth at Cahokia with a population estimated between 10,200-15,300 people within an area of 14.5 sq km (5.6 sq mi). Changes concurrent with the population explosion included community organization, architecture, technology, material culture, and rituality, all of which likely involved in-migration from elsewhere. The site was characterized by large ceremonial plazas, post-in-circle monuments (woodhenges), dense habitation zones of elites and commoners, and a central core of 60-160 ha (.25-.6 sq mi) of at least 18 mounds surrounded by defensive palisadesStirling Phase (AD 1100-1200), Cahokia still controll ed the American Bottom, the lower portions of the Missouri and Illinois river floodplains and the adjacent hilly uplands, amounting to some 9,300 sq km (~3,600 sq mi), but the population was already in decline by 1150, and its upland villages were abandoned. Population estimates are 5,300-7,200.Moorehead Phase (AD 1200-1350) Cahokia saw steep decline and final abandonment--the latest population estimates for the period are between 3,000-4,500 Greater Cahokia There were at least three great ceremonial precincts within the region known as Greater Cahokia. The largest is Cahokia itself, located 9.8 kilometers (6 miles) from the Mississippi River and 3.8 km (2.3 mi) from the bluff. It is the largest mound group in the United States, centered on an expansive 20 ha (49 ac) plaza fronted on the north by Monks Mound and surrounded by at least 120 recorded platform and burial mounds and lesser plazas. The other two precincts have been impacted by the modern urban growth of St. Louis and its suburbs. The East St. Louis precinct had 50 mounds and a special or high-status residential district. Across the river lay the St. Louis precinct, with 26 mounds and representing a doorway to the Ozarks mountains. All of the St. Louis precinct mounds have been destroyed. Emerald Acropolis Within one days walk of Cahokia were 14 subordinate mound centers and hundreds of small rural farmsteads. The most significant of the nearby mound centers was likely the Emerald Acropolis, a special religious installation in the middle of a large prairie near a prominent spring. The complex was located 24 km (15 mi) east of Cahokia and a broad processional avenue connects the two sites. The Emerald Acropolis was a major shrine complex with at least 500 buildings and perhaps as many as 2,000 during major ceremonial events. The earliest post-wall constructed buildings date to about 1000 AD. Most of the remaining were built between the mid-1000s to the early 1100s AD, although the buildings continued in use until around 1200. About 75% of those buildings were simple rectangular structures; the others were political-religious buildings such as t-shaped medicine lodges, square temples or council houses, circular buildings (rotundas and sweat baths) and rectangular shrine houses with deep basins. Why Cahokia Blossomed Cahokias location within the American Bottom was crucial to its success. Within the limits of the floodplain are thousands of hectares of well-drained tillable land for farming, with abundant oxbow channels, marshes, and lakes that provided aquatic, terrestrial, and avian resources. Cahokia is also quite close to the rich prairie soils of the adjacent uplands where upland resources would have been available. Cahokias cosmopolitan center including people migrating in from different regions and access to a broad trading network from the gulf coast and southeast to the trans-Mississippi South. Vital trading partners included the Caddoans of the Arkansas River, people of the eastern plains, the upper Mississippi Valley, and the Great Lakes. Cahokians dabbled in long-distance trade of marine shell, shark teeth, pipestone, mica, Hixton quartzite, exotic cherts, copper, and galena. Immigration and Cahokias Rise and Fall Recent scholarly research indicates that Cahokias rise hinged on a massive wave of immigration, beginning in the decades before AD 1050. Evidence from upland villages in Greater Cahokia indicates that they were founded by immigrants from southeastern Missouri and southwestern Indiana. The influx of immigrants has been discussed in the archaeological literature since the 1950s, but it was only recently that clear evidence showing a huge increase in population numbers was discovered. That evidence is in part the sheer number of residential buildings built during the Big Bang. That increase simply cant be accounted for by birth rates alone: there must have been an influx of people. Strontium stable isotope analysis by Slater and colleagues has revealed that fully one-third of the individuals in mortuary mounds at Cahokias center were immigrants. Many of the new immigrants moved to Cahokia during their late childhood or adolescence, and they came from multiple places of origin. One potential place is the Mississippian center of Aztalan in Wisconsin since strontium isotope ratios fall within that established for Aztalan. Main Features: Monks Mound and Grand Plaza Said to have been named after the monks who were using the mound in the 17th century, Monks Mound is the largest of the mounds at Cahokia, a quadrilateral flat-topped, earthen pyramid that supported a series of buildings on its upper level. It took about 720,000 cubic meters of earth to construct this 30 m (100 ft) tall, 320 m (1050 ft) north-south and 294 m (960 ft) east-west behemoth. Monks Mound is slightly larger than Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt, and 4/5 of the size of the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan. Estimated at between 16-24 ha (40-60 ac) in area, the Grand Plaza just south of Monks Mound was marked by Round Top and Fox mounds on the south. A string of smaller mounds marks its east and west sides. Scholars believe it was first used as a source of soil for mound construction, but then it was purposefully leveled off, beginning at the end of the eleventh century. A wooden palisade enclosed the plaza during the Lohmann phase. It took an estimated labor of 10,000 person hours to build even 1/3-1/4 of the entire plaza, making it one of the largest construction projects at Cahokia. Mound 72: The Beaded Burial Mound 72 was a mortuary temple/charnel house, one of several used by the Mississippians at Cahokia. It is rather inconspicuous, measuring only 3 m (10.5 ft) high, 43 m (141 ft) long, 22 m (72 ft) wide, and it is located 860 m (.5 mi) south of Monks Mound. But it stands out because there were over 270 individuals deposited in 25 burial features (several suggesting human sacrifice), along with large votive caches of artifacts, including arrow bundles, mica deposits, discoidal chunkey stones, and masses of shell beads. Up until recently, the primary burial at Mound 72 was considered a double burial of two men lying atop a beaded cloak with a birds head, alongside several retainers. However, Emerson and colleagues (2016) recently restudied the discoveries from the mound including the skeletal materials. They found that, rather than being two men, the highest ranking individuals were a single male buried atop a single female. At least a dozen young men and women were buried as retainers. All but one of the retainer burials were either adolescents or young adults at the time of their deaths, but the central figures are both adults. Between 12,000-20,000 marine shell beads were discovered intermingled with the skeletal material, but they were not in a single cloak, but rather strings of beads and loose beads placed in and around the bodies. The researchers report that the birds head shape shown in the illustrations from the original excavations may have been an intended image or simply fortuitous. Mound 34 and Woodhenges Mound 34 at Cahokia was occupied during the Moorehead phase of the site, and while it is neither the largest or most impressive of mounds, it held evidence of a copper workshop, a nearly unique set of data on the hammered copper process used by the Mississippians. Metal smelting was not known in North America at this time, but copper working, consisting of a combination of hammering and annealing, was part of the techniques. Eight pieces of copper were retrieved from Mound 34 backfill, sheet copper covered in black and green corrosion product. All of the pieces are abandoned blanks or scraps, not the finished product. Chastain and colleagues examined the copper and ran experimental replications, and concluded that the process involved the reduction of large chunks of native copper into thin sheets by alternately hammering and annealing the metal, exposing it to an open wood fire for a few minutes. Four or perhaps five massive circles or arcs of large postholes called Wood Henges or post circle monuments were found in Tract 51; another has been found near Mound 72. These have been interpreted as solar calendars, marking the solstices and equinoxes and no doubt the focus of community rituals. Cahokias End Cahokias abandonment was rapid, and that has been attributed to a wide variety of things, including famine, disease, nutritional stress, climate change, environmental degradation, social unrest, and warfare. However, given the recent identification of such a large percentage of immigrants in the population, researchers are suggesting an entirely new reason: unrest arising from diversity. Americanist scholars argue that the city broke apart because the heterogeneous, multiethnic, likely polyglot society brought social and political competition between centralized and corporate leadership. There may have been kin-based and ethnic factionalism that may have reemerged after the Big Bang to splinter what began as ideological and political solidarity. The highest population levels only lasted about two generations at Cahokia, and researchers suggest widespread and tumultuous political disorder sent groups of immigrants back out of the city. In what is an ironic twist for those of us who have long thought of Cahokia as the engine of change, it may well have been the people who abandoned Cahokia beginning in the mid-12th century that spread the Mississippian culture far and wide. Sources Alt S. 2012. Making Mississippian at Cahokia. In: Pauketat TR, editor. Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p 497-508.Alt SM, Kruchten JD, and Pauketat TR. 2010. The Construction and Use of Cahokia’s Grand Plaza. Journal of Field Archaeology 35(2):131-146.Baires SE, Baltus MR, and Buchanan ME. 2015. Correlation does not equal causation: Questioning the Great Cahokia Flood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112(29):E3753.Chastain ML, Deymier-Black AC, Kelly JE, Brown JA, and Dunand DC. 2011. Metallurgical analysis of copper artifacts from Cahokia. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(7):1727-1736.Emerson TE, and Hedman KM. 2015. The dangers of diversity: the consolidation and dissolution of Cahokia, Native North Americas first urban polity. In: Faulseit RK, editor. Beyond Collapse: Archaeological Perspectives on Resilience, Revitalization, and Transformation in Complex Societies. Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press. p 147-178.Emerson TE, Hedman KM, Hargrave EA, Cobb DE, and Thompson AR. 2016. Paradigms Lost: Reconfiguring Cahokia’s Mound 72 Beaded Burial. American Antiquity 81(3):405-425.Munoz SE, Gruley KE, Massie A, Fike DA, Schroeder S, and Williams JW. 2015. Cahokias emergence and decline coincided with shifts of flood frequency on the Mississippi River. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112(20):6319-6324.Munoz SE, Schroeder S, Fike DA, and Williams JW. 2014. A record of sustained prehistoric and historic land use from the Cahokia region, Illinois, USA. Geology 42(6):499-502.Pauketat TR, Boszhardt RF, and Benden DM. 2015. Trempealeau Entanglements: An Ancient Colonys Causes and Effects. American Antiquity 80(2):260-289.Pauketat TR, Alt SM, and Kruchten JD. 2017. The Emerald Acropolis: elevating the moon and water in the rise of Cahokia. Antiquity 91(355):207-222. Redmond EM, and Spencer CS. 2012. Chiefdoms at the threshold: The comp etitive origins of the primary state. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 31(1):22-37.Schilling T. 2012. Building Monks Mound, Cahokia, Illinois, a.d. 800–1400. Journal of Field Archaeology 37(4):302-313.Sherwood SC, and Kidder TR. 2011. The DaVincis of dirt: Geoarchaeological perspectives on Native American mound building in the Mississippi River basin. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 30(1):69-87.Slater PA, Hedman KM, and Emerson TE. 2014. Immigrants at the Mississippian polity of Cahokia: Strontium isotope evidence for population movement. Journal of Archaeological Science 44:117-127.Thompson AR. 2013. Odontometric determination of sex at Mound 72, Cahokia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 151(3):408-419.

Effects Of Gambling On The Asian Culture - 2335 Words

Gambling has made immense impacts on the everyday lives of a countless amount of people. Somehow this western pastime has integrated and almost taken control of the Asian and American Asian communities. The gambling issue within the Asian culture has affected families, and individuals in such drastic ways. Within the last few years we have seen an immense outburst of gambling in Macau, which is now the gambling capital of the world. Along with the recent outburst of gambling in Macau we find the dark side of gambling. The illegal activities that follow gambling have taken a toll on society as well as the people involved. Also we quickly see the economic impact made by all the money flowing through Macau. Gambling has taken over the lives of many of the people in Asia from a very young age, with this in mind, we must realize it may not be what we would define as an addiction, rather something that is big a part of their culture and social interaction. From the information I fou nd from â€Å"Asian Nation,† we realize the growing issue of Asian American gambling within our nation. In California a poll pertaining to gambling was realized in Chinatown, the results were astonishing. The poll found that out of the 1,808 respondents gambling was ranked as their community’s number one issue. (Asian-Nation) With the unexpectedly high percentage a follow-up poll was distributed, 21% of the respondents openly considered themselves pathological gamblers, and 16% more labeledShow MoreRelatedGambling Surrounding The Asian And American Asian Communities1586 Words   |  7 Pages Gambling in Macau Gambling has made immense impacts on the everyday lives of a countless amount of people. Somehow this western pastime has integrated and almost taken control of the Asian and American Asian communities. The gambling issue within the Asian culture has affected families, and individuals in such drastic ways. 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Golden Age of Painting Essay Example For Students

Golden Age of Painting Essay With the use of the new techniques and mediums, painting had come a long way from mariner grace days With no sense Of dept or emotion, o precise three dimensional illusions on flat surfaces. This paper will review major painting techniques, developed and enhanced during Renaissance, which enabled this transformation. Many art historians consider Ghetto as the first Renaissance painter. He has abandoned the long-prevailed Byzantine style by pioneering a naturalistic approach of representation based on observation. His methods of pictorial expression based on observation initiated an early scientific age, which recognized the fact that the visual world mum SST he observed before it can be analyzed and understood (Klein 381). Ghetto achieved a sense of spatial PPTP and restored naturalism, simplicity and restraint to painting (Frazier 272). Lamentation toreros reveals the essentials of his style. The strong diagonal rock in Lamentation gets viewers attention to Chrisms head which is not at the center. This fresco is composed of different groups which contribute overall composition of the painting. By managing light and shade in a stage like setting, he was able to add a volume and perspective to the painting. The use of the contrast of light and dark to add volume was one of the earliest examples towards the development of the chiaroscuro technique. Furthermore, his stage like settings could be considered as an early example Of the use perspective (Kline 383). Lamentation is much more realistic in depicting the narrative since there is a sense Of emotion in figures faces depicting the dramatic nature Of the scene, and therefore displacing the Byzantine style. Italy was in the heart of the Renaissance movement in the fields of architecture and sculpture. However, in painting it was joined by another region of primary artistic influence and achievement, Northern Europe. The Italian Renaissance painting mainly treated biblical and lassie subjects, while the painting in the Northern region featured scenes from everyday life (Van Dyke 221). One Flemish artist, Jan van Check perfected the oil painting technique where the particles of color were suspended in an oil- based medium. Using fast-drying oil, Van Check built up his pictures by applying translucent paint layers or glazes on an opaque monochrome understanding (Frazier 488). Compared to egg based tempera, which was the material to choice for most painters in 14th century, oil medium allowed artists to create richer colors with intense tonality, the illusion of glowing light, and enamel-like surfaces Klein ICC)_ Van Cocks Giovanni Arranging and His Bride was one of the finest examples of oil paintings of the time. He has skillfully used oil medium to create the light effects adding volume and depth to the painting. Every object was painted in great detail. Looking at the dog one can see its tiniest hairs with the right amount Of coloring and shadowing. The convex mirror, complete With its spatial distortion, is another object that catches viewers eye. The scenes credibility is augmented With mirror, because the viewers can see not only the principles, Arranging and his wife, but also two persons who look into the room wrought the door (Klein, 403). Finally, the lighting and the sense Of depth in the painting could not have been made possible without the oil painting and his creativity. The viewer feels like he or SSH e is looking directly at the scene. According to Read, the observation of detail and control of the medium are both masterly (267), Many examples of iconography can he seen in the painting. The objects and accessories depicted refer to the holiness of matrimony. Some of the important ones mentioned in Klein are, the cast-aside clogs indicating that that the event takes place on holy ground, the little dog symbolizes the fidelity, inn Saint Margaret statue in the bedpost symbolizing the patron Of childbirth, oranges on the chest symbolizing territory, the single burning candle in chandelier and the mirror symbolizing the all-seeing eye of God (402,403). .u35b591c580997a9c97e59db402d07071 , .u35b591c580997a9c97e59db402d07071 .postImageUrl , .u35b591c580997a9c97e59db402d07071 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u35b591c580997a9c97e59db402d07071 , .u35b591c580997a9c97e59db402d07071:hover , .u35b591c580997a9c97e59db402d07071:visited , .u35b591c580997a9c97e59db402d07071:active { border:0!important; } .u35b591c580997a9c97e59db402d07071 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u35b591c580997a9c97e59db402d07071 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u35b591c580997a9c97e59db402d07071:active , .u35b591c580997a9c97e59db402d07071:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u35b591c580997a9c97e59db402d07071 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u35b591c580997a9c97e59db402d07071 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u35b591c580997a9c97e59db402d07071 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u35b591c580997a9c97e59db402d07071 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u35b591c580997a9c97e59db402d07071:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u35b591c580997a9c97e59db402d07071 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u35b591c580997a9c97e59db402d07071 .u35b591c580997a9c97e59db402d07071-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u35b591c580997a9c97e59db402d07071:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Analysis Of Rembrandt EssayIn the 14th century, Italian artists, such as Disco and the Lorgnette brothers, had used several devices to indicate distance, but with the development of linear perspective by Brucellosis, Early Renaissance artists acquired a way to make the illusion of distance certain and consistent (Klein ASS)_ The linear perspective helped artists to translate a three dimensional space on a tow-dimensional lane allowing them to rationalize the sight. There were two major kinds at the time, one-point and two-point perspective. The difference between the two is the number of vanishing points in the horizon line. Two-point perspective has two vanishing points, and therefore allowing the artists describe the objects from different angles in the painting. A good one-point perspective example is Leonardo dad Vines Last Supper. There is a clear sense of dimensionality and the alignment of the doors supports the feeling depth in the room. Chrisms head is the focal point of all converging perspective lines in the composition. He skillfully integrated the two. Emotional, the three-dimensional, and psycho dimensional focuses to Chrisms head. In this painting, Leonardo revealed his broad knowledge about the observable world to the pictorial representation of a religious scene, resulting in psychologically complex and compelling painting (Klein, 460). Titans Madonna to the Pesaro Family is a good two-point perspective example. The scene takes place in what may be Madonnas palace in heaven. In the painting, Titan did n ot compose a horizontal and symmetrical arrangement as in Leonardo Last Supper. By utilizing a two-point perspective he rather placed the figures on a steep diagonal block with the positioning of the Madonna being well off the central axis. This kind of composition is more dynamic than most Remains seance examples and set the stage for a new kind of pictorial design built on movement rather than repose (Klein, 486), In the late 15th century, with the contribution of Leonardo dad Vinci, atmospheric perspective had emerged. Atmospheric perspective was an important accomplishment serving Renaissance artists need to enhance the sensation of a three-dimensional space. It is essentially an optical phenomenon Where distant objects appear less distinct and bluish then they would be nearby. Furthermore, color saturation and value contrast diminish as the Object recedes into distance (Klein, 425). The advances in optical science and the need to enhance the illusion Of three dimensions on a bono dimensional plane had caused the development of another tech unique, called chiaroscuro. This is a painting technique that uses tones, highlights and shadows to create the impression of depth. It is a technique that may achieve theatrical effect. The artists who explored and pioneered Harcourt were Sebastian del Bimbo, Raphael, and Gigolo Romano (Frazier 134). One of the good examples of chiaroscuro is Conversion of Saint Paul by Aggravation, He has used perspective, chiaroscuro, and dramatic lighting in a dark background to bring viewers into this paintings space and action, almost as it they were participants in Saint Palls conversion to Christianity (Klein 537), Leonardo dad Vinci had invented another technique in painting, called suffuse, means smoky in Italian. As the name suggests it refers to a blending of color that creates the smoky or foggy effect characteristic of his paintings. It is particularly detectable in distance views where atmospheric perspective is expressed by a blurred and bluish view. Like chiaroscuro, suffuse manipulates light and dark, however unlike the strong contrast that chiaroscuro exploits, stomata fuses the two in a harmony (Prairie 429). Leonardo Mona Lisa, which is a true masterpiece painting in the history of art, exploits the combination all three techniques, atmospheric perspective, chiaroscuro, and suffuse. Hazy bluish background of atmospheric perspective is giving a depth to the background, and therefore enhancing the portrait Of Mona Lisa at the front, it almost feels like she is sitting n a balcony with a distant view. The use of light on Mona Aliass face and chest is a truly unique application of chiaroscuro. .uaa3bcffb1f5818b0cdca2dea7edab0db , .uaa3bcffb1f5818b0cdca2dea7edab0db .postImageUrl , .uaa3bcffb1f5818b0cdca2dea7edab0db .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaa3bcffb1f5818b0cdca2dea7edab0db , .uaa3bcffb1f5818b0cdca2dea7edab0db:hover , .uaa3bcffb1f5818b0cdca2dea7edab0db:visited , .uaa3bcffb1f5818b0cdca2dea7edab0db:active { border:0!important; } .uaa3bcffb1f5818b0cdca2dea7edab0db .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaa3bcffb1f5818b0cdca2dea7edab0db { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaa3bcffb1f5818b0cdca2dea7edab0db:active , .uaa3bcffb1f5818b0cdca2dea7edab0db:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaa3bcffb1f5818b0cdca2dea7edab0db .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaa3bcffb1f5818b0cdca2dea7edab0db .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaa3bcffb1f5818b0cdca2dea7edab0db .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaa3bcffb1f5818b0cdca2dea7edab0db .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaa3bcffb1f5818b0cdca2dea7edab0db:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaa3bcffb1f5818b0cdca2dea7edab0db .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaa3bcffb1f5818b0cdca2dea7edab0db .uaa3bcffb1f5818b0cdca2dea7edab0db-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaa3bcffb1f5818b0cdca2dea7edab0db:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Children in Mixed Martial Arts EssayIt almost feels like she is sitting in front off light source, and her skin is reflecting the light, not so much reflection coming from her dark dress. Finally, suffuse which seems to be used both in the landscape background and in dissolving all the pictures contours, blending and fusing them as if they are seen through a mist. This painting shows the talents of a true master, who is able to skillfully combine different techniques, and is able o blend his scientific knowledge to his paintings. Renaissance was a time of great cultural and artistic change mainly influenced by the works of ancient Greece and Rome, Through the patronage of wealthy individuals, such as Medici family in Italy, and the duke of Burgundy in Northern Europe, the art gained currency, and artists were greatly valued. Mastery of perspective helped artists to imagine and portray even more extravagant illusionists scenes. Led by the master artists, Ghetto, Van Check, Brucellosis, Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael, primitive paintings of orator-like figures on flat planes were replaced by precise three dimensional illusions with true coloring.

The Aspects and Activities of the Human Resource Management

Introduction Human resource management is a branch of management which deals with matters that are related to employees of an organization. It covers areas that include the hiring process, development of workers, and safety of the workers, training and motivation among others. It can also be seen as the process of organizing and supervising processes that relate to employees of a firm.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Aspects and Activities of the Human Resource Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It entails gaining the confidence of the employee as well as providing favorable environments for efficient output of the employees. The processes of ensuring efficiency of the employee could include training, motivation and enhanced communication among employees at different level of the organization’s structure. This paper seeks to explore and show that how an organization manages the human resources is fundamental to the goal of achieving collective efficiency. The paper will explore the aspects of human resource management with the aim of establishing whether or not human resource management is a fundamental to achieving collective competitive advantage. The paper will therefore in detail examine the activities and processes that are normally undertaken in the department of human resource management with respect to ascertaining or otherwise, the validity of the above statement. The department of human resource management has a wide range of activities it offers to its organization. The department for example has the responsibility of ensuring that its organization gets the best of available workforce. Mechanisms are for this matter established to ensure that thorough scrutiny is done on job applicants before they are absorbed into the firm. Also in the department of human resource is the remuneration and rewarding of a firm’s workers according to contracts and policies of the subject company. The department also offers and organizes for trainings and workshops for employees in the bid to enhance their productivity in the firm. Other duties of the department include: ensuring that codes of conducts and company’s regulations are adhered to by employees, providing a working environment that ensures the workers safety as well as a discrimination free atmosphere and ensuring quality performances by employees among others (McNamara, n.d., p. 1). The recruitment and selection process involves the sourcing and subsequent selection of candidates to be absorbed by a firm. It is an important process in the organization as it seeks to find out the person who can best fit into the need of the company. As Elearn (2009) expressed, â€Å"if the wrong person is appointed, it can affect team work† (Elearn, 2009, p. 1979). A team player is important in motivating co-workers in order to boost productivity. Failure to get this kind of employee during th e selection process can mean a reduced efficiency and productivity. It is the duty of the human resource management to analyze the necessity of the vacancy so as to obtain the best candidate for the job. The competent candidate who can build team work will be a key to achieving collective advantage in the organization (Elearn, 2009, p. 1979).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Training and seminars often yield benefits to the trained employees and the organization as well. One of the effects of training on an employee is the satisfaction derived from using the newly acquired skills. After the training, the employee will want to exercise the newly acquired skills. The eagerness, in its own merit, will enhance the performance of workers in terms of output. The benefits of training also include employees’ performance. The concepts learnt during trainings normally have the e ffects of improving the work efficiency of the trained personnel. This has a net effect of improved individual productivity of the workers which translates to the corporate output of the organization. Buckley and Caple (2007) argued that trainings help institutions to meeting their goals. Further trainings on leadership which is the key to team work and developments, are on the other hand key collective achievements in the organization. Training therefore is critical in development of aspects of operations of an organization (Buckley and Caple, 2007, P. 9). When employees are trained, they gain some sort of security at the workplace that instills in them some level of satisfaction. Their satisfaction then translates to efficiency and dedication in their work processes. The overall result is an improved way of handling and maintains the equipments and machinery of the institution. This will also ensure that quality is improved in the firm as well as reduced chances of accidents. Trai ning is therefore a very important aspect in improving the productivity of the firm at both individual and corporate levels. The main aim is however to improve the collective capacity of the institution (Singla, 2010, P. 13). Retention of employees in the firm is another aspect of the human resource management that ensures achievement of objectives. According to Taylor (2010), the retention of employees involves measures that will make the employees feel part of the firms. For the employees to own the company they are working they must have confidence in it. The retention of employees can be achieved in a number of ways. One of the strategies of retention is to take into consideration the views and feeling of the employees. Tailor’s case study (2010) on employee turnover rate indicates that enlisting the opinions of the workers is one of the ways to keep them satisfied at the firm (Tailor, 2010). Flexible working conditions are other techniques of reducing the social strain o n workers. The flexible advantages include leaves, paid or unpaid, which helps workers to improve the balance between work and social responsibilities at home. Promoting employees is another way of retaining workers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Aspects and Activities of the Human Resource Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is a technique that an organization can use to source for personnel from inside the organization. This involves an organization molding its existing workers and taking them up the management ladder instead of recruiting for such positions externally. One of the implied advantages to this practice is that the administration will comprise of a class of individuals who have been at the firm for a considerable duration of time. This class therefore understands the mechanism of the firm and its employees. A more effective management and administration will therefore be establi shed faster than when a new manager or administrator was to be sourced from outside. The cohesion established by retention of employees is also a source of motivation and security that enhances the worker’s performances (Taylor, 2002, p. 3). Mobility of employees also has a financial implication on an organization. There will be a cost of recruiting and selecting people to replace the lost employees. There could be another risk of losing good employees who could at times be irreplaceable. According to the Manager (2010), the cost of employee turnover is significantly higher than the employee’s remunerations, approximately fifty percent higher (Manager, 2010, p. 1). Brandau Karla (2010) also describes retention leadership as a new tool that is â€Å"reemerging in the executive arsenal with powerful implications for driving business success† (Brandau, 2010, p. 1). Techniques should therefore be put in place by the human resource management to ensure that employee retention is a core value to be embraced by an organization. The retention can be achieved by offering lucrative conditions to the employees or by establishing the need for intention during contract signing (Brandau, 2010, p. 1). The productivity of an organization can also be achieved through promotions. The promotions can be in terms of positions at the organization or incentives offered to employees based on performance. Many organizations offer outstanding motivational packages to top performing employees. It is often viewed as an appreciation to the particular employee for the good performance. The promotions that could include trips and even material offers are also meant to trigger other workers to excellent performance so that they can also achieve the promotions. This type of promotion is characteristic of service providing companies in which the employee’s efforts can be directly traced to the product. Dewan and Sudarshan (1996) expressed the view that such promotio ns are also meant to show the employees that their contribution to the organization is â€Å"important and appreciated† (Dewan and Sudarshan, 1996, p. 1). This can arguably build confidence and motivation among the rewarded as well as the others who would then aspire to be rewarded. The end result will be good performance by the employees on the ground of motivation and willingness, a move that will improve productivity of the organization (Dewan and Sudarshan, 1996, p. 22). Nyambegera (2005) on the other hand discussed the importance of structural promotion with respect to the organization’s structural levels.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nyambegera (2005) argued that a vacancy in a company can be filled by either sourcing a new employee from outside the firm or by promoting an organization’s existing worker into the vacancy. He further argued that an organization’s existing employees are â€Å"familiar and comfortable with the people, procedures, policies, and special characteristics of the organization† (Nyambegera, 2005, p. 124). The resources that would be spent in the recruiting and selection process, in terms of finances and time, can be saved for other activities of the organization. Promotion, rather than sourcing an employee from outside the firm also reduces the risks of employing an incompetent person. According to Nyambegera’s (2005) argument, the management having had employees over their period of existence at the firm will be in a position to judge from the past performances of each employee to determine their capability to fill the new position. The recruitment of a new emp loyee however relies on representations of competence that remains to be proved if the applicant is given the opportunity to work for the company. This involves a risk of believing the applicant’s credentials and hoping that the applicant performs as good as his or her credentials represents him or her (Nyambegera, 2005, p. 124). There is a need to ensure that all workers meet the requirements of the organization. The rules and regulations include external policies and the institution’s established guidelines that safeguards coexistence of workers as well as the codes of ethics and conducts of the institution. Some of the regulations are instituted by a company to prevent acts that are deemed harmful or offensive to other workers. Some of the regulations are on the other hand implied by national regulations like the occupational safety and health act while others are internally instituted to ensure safety and good working environment. The ensured conducive and safe wor king environment is a motivation to the employee as the employee experience the care and responsibility of the company over the employee’s life and welfare. The good state of a company can also enhance the effectiveness and productivity of the individual workers and the company as a whole (Panszczyk, Kennedy and Turan, 2004, p. 317). Kennedy, Schulz and Robert (2005) also expressed the need for compliance to rules and regulations by employees. In view of the authors argument, â€Å"compliance with laws and regulations is a necessary corporate motivator† (Kennedy, Schulz and Robert, 2005, p. 11). Further measures are also required to instill values of integrity which all employees must be subject to. Compliance and commitment to regulations increases accountability both at employee level as well as the corporate level of the organization (Kennedy, Schulz and Robert, 2005, p. 11). Compliance to national legislations could as well save a firm from mistakes that can lock o ut some talented and skilled candidates for employment. An organization recruitment plan that could otherwise be discriminative in the short run basis could lock out people who might be the best talent that the company ever wanted. Legislations however try to protect citizens against such discrimination and the employment process is not an exception to these regulations. A company’s compliance with these anti-discriminatory policies gives it a wider range of sourcing for workers and this increased range, by mathematical concept, increases chances of getting the best of employees. The discriminations could be due to age, sex or even race (Buckley, 2008, p. 5). To obtain at least reasonable output form employees, the organization that has employed the human resource must ensure that these resources are given an environment that will promote their working processes. Most of the conditions to this work friendly environment are requirements subject to human rights adherence. An em ploying organization through its human resource management must ensure that its workers are in a safe and healthy environment. The safety and health conditions at workplaces are critically important especially in construction and chemical related industries. The measures like preventing falls from high levels in a building construction sites and preventing leaks in a chemical manufacturing companies among others eliminates fears among workers as they carry out their activities. The fear of unsafe and unhealthy working conditions have the effects of scaring away workers or subjecting the workers to extra caution that could even draw their concentration away from working to taking care of the risks that could endanger their lives. Other measures, according to Schneeman (2000) that the human resource management looks into in regard to work environment include: â€Å"fair employment practices, environmental protection and practices, compliance with laws and maintaining thorough leaders hip at all levels of the organization† (Schneeman, 2000, p. 201). Peggy (2009) upon research noted that employees are keen on issues such as: equity in the provision of remunerations and motivational rewards, provision of a healthy and safe working environment, establishment of a workplace that is accommodative with respect to social and family issues, attention to the needs of the organization’s employees and communication of the organization’s plans and intentions among others. These issues, depending on an organization’s human resource management’s approach in tackling them, have a direct effect to the attitude developed by employees towards the management in general. The developed attitude consequently will determine the productivity and efficiency of the individual employees and the organization as a body (Peggy, 2009, p. 73). Fernando (2009) identified human resource as perishable substance. According to Fernando (2009), the responsibility of preserving this perishable item rests on the management of the organization. The human resource department should make sure that the employees are well taken care of so that the labor that they offer is not lost due to discouragements and lack of motivational innovations. Issues such as â€Å"equal opportunities, encouragement of whistle blowing, humane treatment of employees, employee empowerment, participative and collaborative environment† (Fernando, 2009, p. 63) among others affect labor output of employees. The administration therefore influences the employee productivity depending on how it handles such matters (Fernando, 2009, p. 64). Once the human resource has been recruited, selected, oriented and finally trained and molded into the organization’s expectations, the task that remains is to maintain the employee at his or her peak of performance. The management of performance at this level takes into consideration both an individual employee as well as the imme diate team or group that the employee works in and finally the general organization. This management should be strategic to explore issues from a wider perspective with focus on long term goals. The performance management should: be inclusive of various departments and levels of management, focus on sustaining the performance and even improving the performance, and develop the capacities of the employees and to build on behavioral practices (Sharma, 2009, p. 213; Singla, 2010). According to Bohlander and Snell (2009), it is important for the human resource management to understand what its staff is going through during the period of development. This is specifically important to help employees not lap back from their achieved high performance levels. An achieved high performance level should be monitored over time and matters that arise relating to the performance level addressed. The monitoring process should establish among others things: the existence of team work, availability o f empowerment to the employees, success derived from training sessions and fair treatment of employees in the course of their duty (Bohlander and Snell, 2009, p. 730). Pasmore’s research on performance (2010) indicated that even facilities that acquired a high performance level were liable to losing their performance efficiency. The loss of performance of the machinery can also translate to reduced performance levels of the employees. The loss of efficiency in the machinery can also be used to understand the fact that human beings can as well be trained to a level of performance and still lose it and experience inefficiency (Pasmore, 2010, p. 84). Conclusion In view of the above discussion, which has been exploring the aspects and activities of the human resource management, it is evident that this branch of management is very influential in the operation of an organization. Its processes like selecting, training and sustaining employees directly contributes to the individual performance of the employees which is then translated into team performance and finally the productivity of an organization. Due to the interdependence of departments of every organization and the fact that a large number of processes in every organization require human attention, directly or indirectly, the management of these employees is a very important determinant in the overall operation of each organization. It can therefore be concluded that the management of the human resource is core to achieving competitive advantage of business entities. References Bohlander, G. and Snell, S. (2009) Managing Human Resources. Canada: Cengage Learning. Brandau, K. (2010) Retention leadership. Web. Buckley, F. (2008) Equal Employment Opportunity Compliance Guide. New York: Aspen Publishers. Buckley, R. and Caple, J. (2007) The Theory and Practice of Training. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Dewan, M. and Sudarshan, N. (1996) Promotion management. New Delhi: Discovery publishing house. Elear n, D. (2009) Recruitment and Selection. Burlington: Elsevier. Fernando, C. (2009) Corporate Governance: Principles, Policies and Practices. India: Pearson Education India. Kennedy, d., Schulz, B. and Robert, S. (2005) Corporate integrity: a toolkit for managing beyond compliance. San Francisco: John Wiley and Sons. Manager. (2010) Human Resources Management – Employee Retention. Web. McNamara, C. (n.d.) All About Human Resources and Talent Management. Web. Nyambegera, S. (2005) Human resource management, A biblical perspective. Nairobi: Uzima publishing house. Panszczyk, L., Kennedy, D. and Turan, T. (2004) US master employee benefits guide. New York: CCH Incorporated. Pasmore, W. (2010) Research in Organizational Change and Development. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing. Peggy, C. (2009) Looking beyond profit: small shareholders and the values imperative. Farnham: Gower Publishing. Schneeman, A. (2000) Paralegal ethics. New York: Cengage Learning. Sharma, K. (2009) Handbook Of HRM Practices: Management Policies and Practices. New Delhi, India: Global India Publications. Singla, K. (2010) Business management. New Delhi: FK Publishers. Tailor, S. (2002) The employee retention handbook. London: CIPD Publishing. This essay on The Aspects and Activities of the Human Resource Management was written and submitted by user Maxton V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Alfred Adler essays

Alfred Adler essays Alfred Adler born 1870 and died 1937), was an Austrian psychologist and psychiatrist, born in Vienna, and educated at Vienna University. After leaving the university, he studied and was associated with Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. In 1911 Adler left the orthodox psychoanalytic school to found a neo-Freudian school of psychoanalysis. After 1926 he was a visiting professor at Columbia University, and in 1935 he and his family moved to the United States. In his analysis of individual development, Adler stressed the sense of inferiority, rather than sexual drives, as the motivating force in human life. According to Adler, conscious or subconscious feelings of inferiority (to which he gave the name inferiority complex), combined with compensatory defense mechanisms, are the basic causes of psychopathological behavior. The function of the psychoanalyst, furthermore, is to discover and rationalize such feelings and break down the compensatory, neurotic will for power that they engender in the patient. Adler's works include The Theory and Practice of Individual Psychology (1918) and The Pattern of Life (1930). Alfred Adler studied personality around the time of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung but developed very different ideas (Cloninger, 1996). Although he changed his theory many times during his lifetime, he always believed people had control over their lives and made choices concerning themselves. He named his theory Individual Psychology because he felt each person was unique and no previous theory applied to all people. Adlers theory is comprised primarily of four aspects: striving towards superiority, the unity of personality, the development of personality, and psychological health, which includes intervention. Motivation of Actions Adler believed the main goal of all people is to move to a better way of life, although he admits the ways to achieve this goal varies among people (Cloninger, 1996). He first use...

Case Study - New Supervisor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case Study - New Supervisor - Essay Example The most pressing issue for George is lack of planned strategy and organized way of working. The work lacks proper documentation of work and records of workers, including their work schedules, attendance and performance details. Hence to monitor the work performance and productivity, George needs to streamline the process and develop strategic plans to organize work schedules. These should be communicated across the employees. He should also define duties and emphasize on disciplined work culture where achieving targets is highlighted. He should also delegate duties so that junior managerial and administrative staff become well versed in the office processes. Most importantly, George must create a pool of talent based on skill and aligned work. This would enable the workforce to organize the schedules for optimal performance. There also needs to be constant communication across management and workforce so conflicts can be resolved early and amicably. From the remaining issues, the top priority of George would be to resolve the issue of Francine who had filed a grievance with the personal department against the assistant supervisor. As there was no organized way of working and office lacked proper records of employees work details, the case of Francine needs to be resolved early as she could easily have EEOC claim. George has huge burden of streamlining the work process and create facilitating work environment. Strong work culture ensures long term sustainable competitive advantage (Armstrong & Baron, 2005). Therefore strong teamwork needs to be promoted. Performance based incentives would be motivating factors for the workforce (Armstrong & Murlis, 2007). George also needs to develop well organized record keeping and documentation of office records. This would help to evaluate performance regularly and motivate workers for incentives and bonus. Moreover, creating talent pool would facilitate better

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Project management - Essay Example The owner (occasionally also known as the client, if construction is being undertaken by a third party) tend to spend most of their time on stewarding to the managers. This means that the owners may not be focusing on quality nearly as it is expected of them (Othman, 2013). The second area that is challenging to the project managers is the cost of the project. In some cases, projects are commenced out with misrepresentation. The costs estimates for the project would be lower than the costs that can be used to bring to a completion the project (Couto, 2008). Last but not least, the contracting of work for a particular project can also present its own unique challenges. In an environment of limited labor and capitals, absence of competition in the contract bidding in the construction industry can upsurge the costs of the project (Othman, 2013). This absence of a modest bidding atmosphere can also be translated to mean that a parent company is not automatically getting the finest construction contractor for the project. The parent company would have no option but to settle for a mediocre contractor who may not perform their duties according to the laid down standards. This would potentially affect the quality of the final project. It is also of importance to note that contracts that are potentially reimbursable offer little or no incentive for the contractor concerned to undertake the work. This is due to job insecurity issues that would be involved with such kind of contracts. There are various management tools and methods that can be used to address these challenges. The plus, minus and interesting technique can be applied (Couto, 2008). This is a management tool whereby the pros and cons of a decision to construct a $ 60-million patient tower are appropriately considered before the decision can be made. Under this method, three columns are drawn which take into account the positive and negative points of a project as well as the uncertainties that may arise.

A Ratio Analysis Of WH Smith

A Ratio Analysis Of WH Smith As a public limited company majority of the funds available for WH Smith to operate at any point in time is provided by owners in form of share capital and several forms for capital reserves and retained earnings. But for the purpose of this analysis, share capital will be referred to as funds provided by owners, which was  £35million for both 2008 and 2009. However it is important to note that the total equity increased from  £161m in 2008 to  £188m in 2009. The main reason for this was in increase in the retained earnings from  £329m in 2008 to  £365m in 2009. FUNDS PROVIDED BY CREDITORS Non -current liabilities (including trade and other payables, tax obligations, bank overdrafts and borrowings and short-term provisions) added up to  £303m in 2008 and  £281m in 2009, while non-current or long-term liabilities amounted to  £24m in 2008 and  £25m in 2009. Thus, total liabilities and accrued payments reduced from  £327m in 2008 to  £306m in 2009. This is largely due the fact that  £25m bank overdrafts were drawn in 2008 while no overdrafts were drawn in 2009. This means WH Smith is relying mainly on retained earnings and share capital as the major source of cash for the business year. PROFITABLITY Profitability measures the profit margin of the business (WH smith) in a financial year. In this analysis however, the profitability of WH Smith will be calculated and compared for the 2008 and 2009 financial years by relating pre-tax profit as a percentage of sales; and also pre-tax profit as a percentage of fixed asset. This can be represented using the formula below: CONCLUSION WH Smith has improved its profit margin by a small percentage of 0.5% in 2009 from 5.62% to 6.12% as a result of more sales in higher margin categories such as confectionery and books. This means that out of  £100 sales the company made  £5.62p in 2008 and  £6.12p in 2009. Fixed assets generated 4.57% more profit in 2009 than in 2008, which signifies a more efficient use of capital and fixed assets. Thus we can conclude that the company is being managed well despite stiff competition from other large companies such as Borders and the prevailing economic circumstances. GROWTH Turnover Increase total sales reduced from  £1352m in 2008 to  £1340 in 2009 Profit after tax increased from  £59m in 2008 to  £64m in 2009 Total fixed assets reduced from  £247m in 2008 to  £232m in 2009 CONCLUSION From the above point we can conclude that total sales and total fixed assets have reduced considerably between 2008 and 2009, whereas, profit after tax has increased. This signifies that WH Smith is not focused on growth at the present (due to the prevailing economic conditions), rather they are focused on consolidation and profit maximization (which in essential in the survival of any business especially in the short run). This was done by getting rid of unused or unnecessary fixed assets e.g. properties, plants and equipment was reduced from  £177m in 2008 to  £163m in 2009 and utilizing the available resources efficiently. TRADING PERFORMANCE The performance analysis of any company does not carry adequate validity without making reference to the performance of other companies in the same sector, because a comparison of its performance must be measured against that of its competitors. Trading performance is calculated by using the gross profit as a percentage of share holders funds: Earnings per share for 2008 and 2009 were 35.3p and 41.3p respectively. Please refer to page 9 of the financial statement for details. CONCLUSION In an industry where demand and sales are greatly influenced by consumer income and demographics, the performance of WH Smith will depend largely on the marketing strategy and their ability to offer specialized products at lower prices. In 2008 WH smith had a return on share holders fund for 2008 was 47.20% while it was -1.93 for Amazon.co.uk ltd for the same year. At the end of the financial year, earnings per share went up 17% from 35.3p to 41.3p LIQUIDITY Current ratio also known as the working capital ratio measures the amount of cash available to a business in form of stock and creditors and is referred to as the working capital. WH Smith has been able to increase its level of liquidity from 0.8 in 2008 to 0.93 in 2009. This increase could be attributed to an increase in the bank balance from  £22m in 2008 to 47m in 2009 however, not a large proportion of resources were tied up in stock during the same period as inventories only increased by  £4m from  £147m in 2008 to  £151m in 2009. However, WH Smith was able to increase its ability to meet short-term obligations and settlement of a major proportion of their current liabilities. It is important to note however that the ratio of current assets to current liabilities is still less than 1, this means that WH Smith still needs to improve on these figures further by reducing the total current liabilities or increasing their total current assets. Although it is widely believed that a reasonable current ratio should fall between 1.5:1 and 2:1, given the prevailing economic conditions in this period, we can safely conclude that WH Smith is doing exceptionally well. Also, the liquid ratio reveals that a large amount of resources are tied up in liquid form, which could affect the companys performance in the long run if the sales is not improved upon. SAFETY Gearing Gearing measures the relationship between a companys capital employed and its long time liabilities. It gives us an idea of any companys ability to pay back its long term liabilities. However, the acceptable gearing ratio for most companies is 50%, but the lesser the better. It is calculated as follows: WH Smith has been able to reduce the gearing of the business 1.81% from 14.90% to 13.29% and the gearing ratio for both 2008 and 2009 is almost at zero, this means that WH Smiths propensity to generate profit and returns on capital employed is high. Therefore, shareholders can expect some dividend at the end of the business year. Also, the business will not have to struggle to service long term liabilities (e.g. loans with interest) especially in bad years. EFFICIENCY This is also known as return on capital employed and is used to measure how effective a business has used its available resources to generate profit within a certain period. It is usually represented by the formula below: It can be deduced from the above figures that WH Smith has been able to use their fixed assets more efficiently in 2009 than in 2008 by 3.3%, despite the reduction in the total amount from  £247m to  £232m. Although the efficiency of the total assets has hardly improved in the same period, with the difference being 0.7%, the most noticeable increase in efficiency is that of fixed assets which has increased by 3.3%. CONCLUSION In the year ending 31 August 2009, WH Smith recorded a total (including non-book sales) turnover of  £1,340m which was lower than  £1,352m recorded in the previous year. Pre-tax profit increased from  £76m in 2008 to  £82m in 2009. And also, earnings per share increased from 35.3p in 2008 to 41.3p in 2009 Total sales reduced to  £1,340m from  £1,352m in 2008 (where like for like sales dropped 5%, travel sales grew by 8% and high street sales also dropped by 5%). Whereas, WH Smith has improved its profit margin by 0.5% in 2009 from 5.62% to 6.12%. This improvement in gross profit margin was enhanced by tight cost control and a reduction of the total fixed assets. WH Smith has also been able to increase its level of liquidity from 0.8 in 2008 to 0.93 in 2009. This increase could be attributed to an increase in the bank balance from  £22m in 2008 to 47m in 2009. Although a substantial amount is still tied up in stock, which could be a problem in the future. Therefore, WH Smith needs to come up with sale strategies that will quickly clear up the stock. In 2009 however, WH Smith was able to increase its ability to meet short-term obligations and settlement of a major proportion of their current liabilities. Although, WH Smith still needs to improve on these figures further by reducing the total current liabilities or increasing their total current assets. WH Smiths propensity to generate profit and returns on capital employed is very high with gearing being reduced by 1.81% from 14.90% to 13.29%, and also, the gearing ratio for both 2008 and 2009 is almost at zero, this means that shareholders can expect some dividend at the end of the business year even in bad years (Dividend per share increased to 16.7p in 2009). Also, the business will not have to struggle to service long term liabilities (e.g. loans with interest) especially in bad years. Finally it is worthy of note that WH Smith has been able to employ their fixed assets more efficiently in 2009 than in 2008 by 3.3%, despite the reduction in the total amount from  £247m to  £232m. RECOMMENDATIONS WH Smith is doing very well given their financial performance in the past year despite the prevailing economic circumstances. It is important to note that a large proportion of WH Smiths profit in the 2009 financial year was generated from the travel business (which includes outlets in train stations, airports, highway service stations etc.) where total sales increased by 8% driven mainly by new business wins and acquisitions. Therefore, WH Smith should focus on setting up more travel shops in areas not yet covered. Competition to sell the highest number of bestsellers is tough, as high-street bookshops are being undercut on price by supermarkets and online booksellers. Publishers appear to be offering supermarkets and online booksellers the highest discounts on their highest-profile books, allowing lower prices to be offered in these outlets. -Isla Gower ed. 2008, marketing report, pg1 Another important area that WH Smith should focus on is the online book sales, which makes companies like Amazon.co.uk ltd a major competitor. Although WH Smith already sells books online, there should be more marketing and promotion in this area, which would eventually lead to a market expansion if harnessed properly. Also, the digitization of books through the use of e-books has made remote downloads and print-on-demand possible, and this has remarkably reduced the cost of production and can easily put booksellers such as WH Smith out of business.