Psychology (imagery usage) The WritePass Journal

Psychology (imagery usage) Introduction Psychology (imagery usage) IntroductionReferencesRelated Introduction For a number of years imagery has been known to be an effective method to enhance athletic performance and sporting success. Currently Imagery researchers have majorly became interested in the mechanisms behind imagery’s performance-enhancing effects and how these can be maximized. It has also transpired through neuroscience research that a â€Å"functional equivalence† exists between imagery and performance of a skill or movement, as they are both triggered by the same neurophysiological processes (Decety Jeannerod, 1996). A cognitive neuroscience approach to motor imagery in sport was presented by Holmes and Collins (2001) they examined current research efforts in neuroscience and applied the findings to developing a deeper understanding of motor imagery as athletes commonly use it. In particular, they highlighted the implications of the notion of the functional equivalence of the motor imagery and motor execution systems for sport psychologists. As a result, it has become one of the most popular psychological strategies employed by athletes, coaches, and sport psychologists. Holmes and Collins (2001) developed a PETTLEP model that included 7 different factors: Physical, Environment, Task, Timing, Learning, Emotion and Perspective. The PETTLEP model recommends that influencing the physical nature of imagery to near motor preparation will stimulate the peripheral receptors that are related with task execution and increase the psychophysiological congruence of motor preparation and motor imagery at the central sites, ultimately strengthening the memory trace (Beisteiner, Hà ¶llinger, Lindinger, Lang, Berthoz, 1995). Imagery has been defined as â€Å"using all the senses to re-create or create an experience in the mind† (Vealey Greenleaf, 2001). Imagery is widely known to be used in any physical activity to improve performance, skill and change behavioural problems. Imagery in sport is a form of stimulation which is similar to a real sensory experience, except imagery stimulation occurs in the mind. Imagery can also be known as ‘visualization’ and there are 4 different types of senses which are all important and they are known as the kinaesthetic, auditory, tactile and olfactory senses but the kinaesthetic sense to athletes is the most important one because when our body moves in several ways we can feel it and this helps athletes improve performance. Through imagery you are able to re-create positive experiences that have previously happened or picture new events to prepare yourself mentally for performance. Holmes and Collins suggested that all athletes should be actively i nvolved in the imagery experience. (Adapted from Holmes and Collins, 2001, 2002) The PETTLEP model of intervention are useful in daily clinic to facilitate learning, performance skills, strategies, modifying cognitions, regulating arousal and competitive anxiety in the handling of athletes and sports performance. For example if there was a football team that wanted to use imagery to prepare for the possibility of going to penalties of a tournament, the PETTLEP model would be: Physical: The players would imagine being in shortage of breath and they would even make themselves shortage of breath prior to imaging to stimulate the state they would be in during a match. The players could then perform the imagery in the standing stance wearing their kit and boots in the exactly same way they would when they practise or actually taking a penalty. Environment:   When wanting to create an atmosphere the imagery used would be in the competition scene using photos, videos and sounds of the crowd to make an environment as if the players are actually taking a penalty. Task: Should be reflected in the image which means each player should focus internally and concentrate on factors such as which corner in the goal they are going to place the ball. Each player should include prompts they would work on when taking an actual penalty an example of this would be, never look at the goalkeeper and just solely focus on the ball and wait for the referees whistle to begin their run up. This should be mirrored in the imagery picture as a result. Timing: The penalty planning and carrying out the run up and flight of the ball should be imaged in real time. Learning: When the athletes manage to master the technique then they can then move onto other elements such as the changes in emotion they would start to experience as they become a talented penalty taker. Emotion: Footballers are encouraged to add in the appropriate emotions they experience when going to take a penalty so they get used to these emotions and learn to relate them with success. Addition of related emotion will help increase the vividness of an image. Perspective: If the footballers view the technique of taking a penalty, they may perform the imagery from an external visual perspective. However they may prefer to use internal visual imagery when wanting to view the factors they will focus on when making their preparations for the penalty. As a result each footballer should consider which visual perspective is best and switch between the two. Holmes and Collins (2001), â€Å"PETTLEP model† was said that there is evidence especially when mixing physical and environmental strategies in terms of conducting imagery on field (I.e. rehearsing imagery of kicking a football penalty on the field instead of imagining this while at home). The SIQ questionnaire is an well-organized way of gaining knowledge about the athletes ability to conduct imagery. The next step would be to develop an efficient imagery intervention, that could develop the athlete’s ability. References Holmes and Collins, (2001), The PETTLEP Approach to Motor Imagery: A Functional Equivalence Model for Sport Psychologists, Journal of applied sport psychology, vol.13(1), p.60-81 Hall, C. R., Martin, K. A. (1997). Measuring movement imagery abilities: A revision of the movement imagery questionnaire. Journal of Mental Imagery, 21, 143-154.

Jaraya Johnson Essays - Geography Of Asia, Western Asia, Free Essays

Jaraya Johnson Essays - Geography Of Asia, Western Asia, Free Essays Jaraya Johnson GSPIA- Approaches to Conflict Resolution Prof. Kerber 2/12/2017 Israeli-Palestinian conflict- Declaration of Principles The tensions between the Israeli-Palestinian is not something new through history the two have not always seen eye to eye. Issues have been arising between the two states since the beginnings of the Zionist-Jewish immigration to Palestine under the British protection. However, the most recent and long going conflicts is one that began with the declaration of Israel on Palestinian land in 1948. The Board Due to the escalating persecution of Jews in Europe , thousands of Jewish immigrants began fleeing to what was known as the Ottoman Empire, until its defeat in World War I. At that time the British than took control of Palestine, or at the time was called the British-mandate Palestine. From 1918 to 1948, Britain governs over the Jews and Arabs within this territory. In 1921 Britain gives an area of land located east of the British-mandate over to Emir Abdullah, creating the area that is now known as Jordan. Soon after the very first huge act of intercommunal violence of the mandate period breaks our along the border of Jaffa-Tel Aviv. This event known as May Day ends with a lot of Jew and Arab deaths. In 1929, sixty-seven Jews were killed as the second major intercommunal violence breaks-out in Jerusalem and spreads throughout the county. An erupting of events breakout in 1936 in response to the death of Sheikh Izz al-Din al- Qassam by the British, the protest la sted until 1939, when the British place a ban on land sales to Jews, in effort to gain Arab support through the war with Germany. In 1947 the General Assembly of the United Nations made a recommendation for the British-mandate Palestine be separated into two different states, one for Jews and one for Arabs. All the surrounding Arab states rejected the partition plan, however due to certain tactical and strategic reasons Zionist leaders accepted the plan for partition; while Palestinians felt the partition to be extremely unrepresentative of the diverse demographic distribution of Jews and Arabs that resided in Palestine at the time. In May of 1948, Zionist leaders proclaimed the state of Israel. Fighting breaks out between the newly declared state of Israel and the surrounding Arabs. The war is understood by the Israelis as the "War of Independence" and is known as "the Catastrophe," by the Palestinians. At this time, seven-hundred thousand Palestinians decide to leave, a llowing Israel to take control over large pieces of land, which included over five-hundred Palestinian villages. In that same year Jordan establishes control over the West Bank with the tacit agreement of Israel and Egypt establishes control of the Gaza Strip, at that time the control of Jerusalem is split between Israel in the west and Jordan in the east. The UN General Assembly passes Resolution 194, which states that any Palestinian refugees who want to return to their homes will be permitted to do so and any who do not should be compensated by the state of Israel. Following an Arab League decision, 422 Palestinian national figures meet in Jerusalem under the chairmanship of Ahmad Shuqeiri, who founded the Palestine Liberation Organization and laid down the structure of the Palestine National Council, the PLO Executive Committee, the National Fund and the Palestine Liberation Army. The meeting also approved a Palestinian national covenant and basic law. June 5, 1967 in a span of six days Israel conducts an attack against Egypt and gains control over the Sinai Penisnsula and Gaza Strip from Egypt, the Golan Heights from Syria, and the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, at this time Israel almost triples in size. In response to this war, the UN Security Council passes Resolution 242, which called for the "withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from territories occupied in the recent conflict; termination of all claims or states of belligerency and respect for and acknowledgement of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of every state in the area and their right to live in peace within secure and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of force." This resolution is the basis for all subsequent peace negotiations between Israel, Palestinians, and surrounding Arab

What role did popular music play in the American civil rights movement Essay

What role did popular music play in the American civil rights movement Your answer should include at least two case studies which connect musicians to particular historical events of the 1950s or 1960s - Essay Example It will be vital to mention that the Civil Rights Movement, which took place during the time of 1960’s, was more closely related to music as compared to other American based social movements held in the stated period. In this similar context, it can be apparently observed that certain prisoners sung freedom songs for keeping up their spirits in gaining national freedom. Apart from this, various folksingers, including blacks as well as whites, wrote songs about various themes related to the Civil Rights Movement. These themes were ascertained to be pains, paradoxes and racist activities among others. Thus, with this concern, it can be affirmed that the connection of music with the Civil Rights Movement is much apparent during the episode of 1960’s (RRAS, n.d.). In relation to the above context, the essay intends to discuss and analyse the role that popular music played in the American Civil Rights Movement. In the circumstance of explaining the role played by popular music in the American Civil Rights Movement, certain popular music genres in the period of 1960’s were found to exist. In this similar context, the popular music genres that persisted during the period of 1960’s were Acapella, Motown/R&B, British Invasion, Roots Rock and Hard Rock, Folk Rock and Protest Music and Surf Rock and Psychedelic Rock. The popular music genre of British Invasion comprised certain pop artists as well as rock brands belonging to Britain that presented certain American pop and rock songs. Such artists were reckoned as The Beatles, Donovan, The Animals, The Kinks and Dusty Springfield among others. Specially mentioning, Motown/R&B acted as one of the most popular music genres, which had importance in the Civil Rights Movement. The importance of this particular popular music genre could be determined based on the efforts made by the same in integrating American community during the